grammar

to list the grammar points by HSK level


        
 
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ID: 341
compare: 338
HSK: 2
format: Subj. + 给 + Target + [Verb Phrase]
example: 现在 不要 给 他 打 电话 。
details: The word 给 (gěi) literally means "to give" but is frequently used in Chinese to indicate the target of a verb. The target is who or what the verb is aimed or directed at. Use 给 in some ways are similar to how English speakers use "to give," as in "to give someone a phone call" or "to give someone a reply."
exception:
keyword: 给
class: char,p,v
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ID: 342
compare:
HSK: 2
format: Subj. + Verb + [Indirect Obj.] + [Direct Obj.]
example: 老师，我 可以 问 你 一 个 问题 吗？
details: As in English, some verbs in Chinese take two objects. A typical example for English is "to bake someone a cake,"
exception:
keyword: Subj. + Verb + [Indirect Obj.] + [Direct Obj.]
class: v
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ID: 343
compare:
HSK: 3
format: Verb + 来 / 去
example: 我 在 楼上 ，你 上来 。
details: The most important thing to consider with direction complements is the position of the speaker. If the action moves towards the speaker or comes closer in any way, use 来. If the action moves away from the speaker or becomes more distant in any way, use 去.
Verb + Complement Explanation
下 下来xiàlái The movement is down towards the speaker: "come down"
下 下去xiàqù The movement is down away from the speaker: "go down"
上 上来shànglái The movement is up towards the speaker: "come up"
上 上去shàngqù The movement is up and away from the speaker: "go up"
出 出来chūlái The movement is out and towards the speaker: "come out"
出 出去chūqù The movement is out and away from the speaker: "go out"
进 进来jìnlái The movement is in and towards the speaker: "come in"
进 进去jìnqù The movement is in and away from the speaker: "go in"
回 回来huílái The movement is towards the speaker: "come back"
回 回去huíqù The movement is away from the speaker: "go back"
exception:
keyword: 来, 去
class: undefined,u,v,vd
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ID: 344
compare:
HSK: 3
format: Verb + [Compound Direction Complement]
example: 从 我 家 走 过来 要 半 个 小时 。
details: form compound direction complements in the following way: 上 下 进 出 回 过 起来 上来 下来 进来 出来 回来 过来 起来去 上去 下去 进去 出去 回去 过去 x x
exception:
keyword: [Compound Direction Complement]
class: dc
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ID: 345
compare:
HSK: 3
format: Verb + Object + [Direction Complement]
example: 服务员 ，请 再 拿 几 个 碗 来 。
details: Direction complements are not only used to describe the movement of people. Moving objects can also be described with direction complements. Again, the direction of the movement relative to the speaker (or at least to the context of the conversation) is important when deciding what complement to use.
exception: The verbs that commonly appear in this construction include 拿, 送, and 带. You can't say 回来中国 because 回 is the verb, 来 is the complement, and 中国 is the object. You can't put both a complement and an object after a single verb, but it's OK to put just a 来 or 去 after the object. In spoken language, if the context is clear, people often omit 来 or 去 and only say 回美国 or 回中国.
keyword: [Direction Complement]
class: dc
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ID: 346
compare:
HSK: 3
format: Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb + [Direction Complement]
example: 把 书 拿 出来 。
details: Direction complements work very well in 把 sentences, as they can be used to describe the disposal of an object (what happened to it in the end). Because of this, it's very common to see direction complements and 把 appearing together.
exception:
keyword: 把 + [Direction Complement]
class: undefined,p,q
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ID: 347
compare: 348
HSK: 3
format: Subj. + Verb + 得 + Potential Complement
example: 你 这么 聪明 ，肯定 学 得 会 。
details: Structurally, potential complements are closely related to both result complements and direction complements, such as

Verb + 见 e.g. 看见, 听见 (result complements)
Verb + 懂 e.g. 看懂, 听懂 (result complements)
Verb + 完 e.g. 吃完, 做完, 用完, 花完 (result complements)
Verb + Adj. e.g. 看清楚, 听明白, 洗干净 (result complements)
Verb + 到 e.g. 找到, 买到, 收到 (result complements)
Verb + Direction e.g. 上来, 下去, 进去, 起来, 走过去, 爬上去 (direction complements)
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keyword: [得] + [Potential Complement]
class: v,vu
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ID: 348
compare: 347
HSK: 3
format: Subj. + Verb + 不 + Potential Complement
example: 这里 太 暗 了 ，我 看 不 清楚 。
details: The only difference between the affirmative and negative forms is swapping a 得 for a 不.
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keyword: [不] + [Potential Complement]
class: h,d
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ID: 349
compare:
HSK: 3
format: Subj. + Verb + 得 + Potential Complement+ obj.
example: 你 听 得 懂 上海话 吗 ？
details: Objects in sentences with potential complements can occur either after the complement or at the beginning of a sentence.
exception:
keyword: [得] + [Potential Complement]+ [obj.]
class: v,vu
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ID: 350
compare: 352
HSK: 3
format: Subj. + Verb + Adj. + 了 (+ Obj.)
example: 你 吃 好 了 吗 ？
details: Result complements come immediately after verbs to indicate that an action has led to a certain result and make that result clear to the listener. Forming a result complement with 好 has a very similar meaning to forming one with 完. It expresses that the action has been completed successfully.
错 (cuò) is used to express that an action has been performed incorrectly in some way, resulting in a mistake (错). This pattern covers what is often expressed with the adverb "incorrectly" in English.
Other adjectives commonly used as result complements include: 晚 (wǎn), 饱 (bǎo), 坏 (huài), 清楚 (qīngchu), 干净 (gānjìng), 破 (pò).
exception: When using result complements, it's very common to make the object a topic. This means the object is moved to the beginning of the sentence and the subject is often omitted.
keyword: [Adj.] + [了]
class: undefined,u,v
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