cows

class of words


        
 
abbv:
Chinese:
full name:
alt name:
remark:
example:
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Author first name:
Author surname:


abbv: cr
Chinese: 结果补语
full name: Result complement
alt name:
remark:
example:
  • 看 看见 看 alone means 'to look'. 看见 includes the result - 'to see'.
  • 听 听到 Again, 听 alone means 'to listen', but 听到 means 'to hear'.
  • 写 写对 Write + correct ⇒ to write something correctly
  • 学 学会 Study + able ⇒ to master
  • 洗 洗干净 Wash + clean ⇒ to wash something and make it clean
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abbv: cdeg
Chinese: 程度补语
full name: Degree Complement
alt name:
remark:
example: 挺 快
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abbv: c2d
Chinese: 复合趋向补语
full name: Compound Direction Complement
alt name:
remark:
example: 回 去, 过 来, 站 起来, 走 上去, 开 进去, 拿 出来
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abbv: c1d
Chinese: 趋向补语
full name: Direction Complement
alt name:
remark:
example: 去, 来, 上, 进 , 出
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abbv: c++p
Chinese: 正势补语
full name: Affirmative Potential Complement
alt name:
remark:
example: 回 得 去, 过 得 来, 站 得 起来, 走 得 上去, 开 得 进去, 拿 得 出来
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abbv: cnp
Chinese: 负势补语
full name: Negative Potential Complement
alt name:
remark:
example: 回 不 去, 过 不 来, 站 不 起来, 走 不 上去, 开 不 进去, 拿 不 出来
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abbv: tyi
Chinese: "一"字变调规则
full name: "yi" tone change
alt name:
remark: When followed by a 4th tone, 一 (yī) changes to 2nd tone (yí). When followed by any other tone, 一 (yī) changes to 4th tone (yì). Written tone is not changed
example:
Examples of the 1→2 Tone Change :
  • 一 个 yī gè → yí gè one (of something)
  •  一下 yīxià → yíxià [after a verb] quickly, briefly, casually
  • 一半 yībàn →yíbàn one half
  • 一 次 yī cì → yí cì first; first time; once; (math.) linear (of degree one)
  • 一样 yīyàng→yíyàng the same (as)
Examples of the 1→4 Tone Change :
  • 一起 yīqǐ → yìqǐ together
  •  一点 yīdiǎn→yìdiǎn a bit; a little
  • 一 天 yī tiān→yì tiān one day
  •  一些 yīxiē→ yìxiē some
  •  一 年 yī nián→yì nián one year
Exceptions When 一 (yī) appears as an ordinal number (as in "first"), or as a number in a series, address, or date, it is pronounced without the tone change (regular first tone "yī").
Example :
  • 一 二 三 四 五yī èr sān sì wǔ one, two, three, four, five
  • 第 一 个dì yī ge the first one
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abbv: tbu
Chinese: "不"字变调规则
full name: "bu" tone change
alt name:
remark: When followed by a 4th tone, 不 (bù) changes to 2nd tone (bú). Tone written form is not changed, as always.
example:
Examples of the 4→2 Tone Change if it is followed by another tone 4 character
  • 不对 bù duì bú duì incorrect; wrong
  • 不要 bù yào bú yào to not want; do not (do something)
  • 不在 bù zài bú zài to not be (in a place)
  • 不是 bù shì bú shì to not be
  • 不去 bù qù bú qù to not go
Examples of NO Tone Change Remember, 不 (bù) only changes when followed by a 4th tone. Here are examples when it doesn't change. So there is no difference between what we say and what we write (no tone change) in the table below.
  • 不好 bù hǎo bù hǎo not good, no good
  • 不想 bù xiǎng bù xiǎng to not think; to not miss
  • 不忙 bù máng bù máng not busy
  • 不能 bù néng bù néng cannot
  • 不一样 bù yīyàng bù yīyàng not the same, different
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abbv: t3
Chinese:
full name:
alt name:
remark: When a 3rd tone (such as 也 “yě”) is followed by another 3rd tone in a group, the first 3rd tone changes to a 2nd tone (such as “yé”).
example:
33 -> 23 Examples:
  • 可以 kěyǐ kéyǐ may, can
  • 有点儿 yǒudiǎnr yóudiǎnr a little (too); somewhat
  • 想法 xiǎngfǎ xiángfǎ idea, thinking
  • 所以 suǒyǐ suóyǐ so, therefore
  • 老板 lǎobǎn láobǎn boss
Here are examples of popular two simple third-tone words  :
  • 很 好 hěn hǎo hén hǎo very good
  • 很 小 hěn xiǎo hén xiǎo very small
  • 很 早 hěn zǎo hén zǎo very early
  • 很 少 hěn shǎo hén shǎo very few; rarely
  • 很 远 hěn yuǎn hén yuǎn very far
Multiple Consecutive Third Tones In theory, all third tones would become second tone except for the very last one. In practice, such a "string" of third tones doesn't usually go beyond three in a row. This is because in natural speech multiple third tones in a row will usually broken up by pauses. In this case, the last word/character in each "group" will be pronounced as a third tone.
So, in theory, it would go like this: 3-3-3-3-3-3 → 2-2-2-2-2-3 In practice, it usually goes something like this: 3-3-3-3-3-3 → 2-2-3, 2-2-3
  • 我想起你了 (wǒ xiǎng qǐ nǐ le)
  • 老虎管理老鼠 (lǎo hǔ guǎn lǐ lǎo shǔ)
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abbv: a2
Chinese: 两音节形容词
full name: Two-Syllable Adjestive
alt name: AB, AABB
remark: Not all adjectives can take AABB form. Here are some examples of common adjectives that don't work in AABB form. 好看 → 好好看看 [wrong] 好吃 → 好好吃吃 [wrong]
example:

  • 高兴 → 高高兴兴Gāoxìng → gāo gāoxìng xìng (happy/happily)
  • 开心 → 开开心心kāixīn → kāi kāixīn xīn (happy/happily)
  • 热闹 → 热热闹闹rènào → rè rènào nào (lively-bustling with noise and excitement)
  • 干净 → 干干净净gānjìng → gàn gānjìng jìng (clean)
  • 漂亮 → 漂漂亮亮piàoliang → piào piàoliang liàng (beautiful/beautifully)
  • 安静 → 安安静静ānjìng → ān ānjìng jìng (quiet/quietly)
  • 健康 → 健健康康jiànkāng → jiàn jiànkāng kāng (healthy/healthily)
  • 清楚 → 清清楚楚 qīngchǔ → qīng qīngchǔ chǔ (clear/clearly)
  • 舒服 → 舒舒服服 Shūfú → shū shūfú fú (comfortable/comfortably)

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